Learn the Weather
Clouds, storms, tornadoes, hurricanes — discover how weather works with pictures, facts, and fun.
Types of Clouds
Clouds come in many shapes and sizes — each one tells a story about the weather ahead.
Cumulus
Low • 2,000 – 6,500 ftThe classic "cotton ball" cloud. Cumulus clouds are puffy and white with flat bases. They form when warm air rises and cools, and usually mean fair weather — unless they grow very tall.
👀 What to look for
Bright white, fluffy tops with a flat gray base. Often seen on sunny afternoons.
Cumulonimbus
All levels • 1,000 – 60,000 ftThe king of storm clouds. Cumulonimbus towers can reach the top of the troposphere. These giants produce thunderstorms, heavy rain, hail, and even tornadoes. The anvil-shaped top is a classic warning sign.
👀 What to look for
Massive, dark, towering cloud with a flat anvil-shaped top spreading sideways. Often has a greenish tint when hail is present.
Stratus
Low • 0 – 6,500 ftStratus clouds form a gray, uniform blanket across the sky. They often bring drizzle and overcast days. When stratus clouds touch the ground, we call it fog.
👀 What to look for
Flat, featureless gray sheet covering the whole sky. No distinct shapes — just a dull, even layer.
Cirrus
High • 16,500 – 45,000 ftCirrus clouds are thin, wispy streaks high in the atmosphere made entirely of ice crystals. They often appear before a warm front, signaling that rain may arrive within 24–48 hours.
👀 What to look for
Thin, white, hair-like streaks or curls high in a blue sky. Sometimes called "mare's tails."
Altocumulus
Mid • 6,500 – 23,000 ftAltocumulus clouds appear as rows or patches of rounded white or gray puffs at mid-level. They often create beautiful "mackerel sky" patterns. If you see them on a warm, humid morning, thunderstorms may develop by afternoon.
👀 What to look for
Rows of rounded, gray-white puffs arranged in a wavy pattern. Smaller than cumulus, bigger than cirrocumulus.
Nimbostratus
Low–Mid • 0 – 10,000 ftNimbostratus is a thick, dark gray cloud layer that blocks out the sun and produces steady, continuous rain or snow. Unlike thunderstorms, nimbostratus brings long, dreary precipitation that can last for hours.
👀 What to look for
Dark, featureless gray sky with no distinct shapes. Rain or snow falling steadily. You can't see the sun at all.
Fog
Surface • Ground levelFog is simply a stratus cloud that forms at ground level. It reduces visibility and can make driving and flying dangerous. Fog forms when air near the surface cools to its dew point, causing water vapor to condense into tiny droplets.
👀 What to look for
Thick, milky haze at ground level that reduces visibility. Often thickest in valleys and near water in the early morning.
Colors of Clouds
Slide to change the cloud color and learn what each shade means for the weather.
Why this color?
Tiny water droplets scatter all wavelengths of sunlight equally, reflecting almost all light back to your eyes.
What it means
Fair, stable weather with no immediate precipitation. Great day to be outside!
Tornado Ratings: The EF Scale
The Enhanced Fujita Scale rates tornado intensity from EF0 to EF5 based on damage caused.
Light damage. Peels surface off some roofs, breaks branches off trees, and pushes over shallow-rooted trees.
💥 Minor roof damage, broken branches, some fences down
Moderate damage. Roofs severely stripped, mobile homes overturned or badly damaged, cars pushed off roads.
💥 Roof stripped, mobile homes destroyed, cars moved
Considerable damage. Roofs torn off well-constructed homes, mobile homes demolished, large trees snapped or uprooted.
💥 Roofs torn off homes, large trees uprooted, cars lifted
Severe damage. Entire stories of well-constructed homes destroyed, severe damage to large buildings, trains overturned.
💥 Entire floors destroyed, trains overturned, forests flattened
Devastating damage. Well-constructed homes leveled, structures with weak foundations blown away, cars thrown.
💥 Homes leveled, cars thrown hundreds of yards
Incredible damage. Strong frame houses leveled and swept away, automobile-sized missiles fly through the air.
💥 Total destruction — nothing survives
Connecticut & Tornadoes
Connecticut averages about 2 tornadoes per year, mostly EF0–EF1. The most destructive was the 1979 Windsor Locks tornado (F4), which caused $500 million in damage.
Hurricane Categories
The Saffir-Simpson scale rates hurricanes 1–5 based on sustained wind speed and potential damage.
Hurricane anatomy
Very dangerous winds will produce some damage. Well-constructed homes could have damage to roof, shingles, vinyl siding, and gutters.
Extremely dangerous winds will cause extensive damage. Well-constructed homes could sustain major roof and siding damage.
Devastating damage will occur. Well-built homes may incur major damage or removal of roof decking and gable ends.
Catastrophic damage will occur. Well-built homes can sustain severe damage with loss of most of the roof structure.
Catastrophic damage will occur. A high percentage of framed homes will be destroyed, with total roof failure and wall collapse.
🌀 Connecticut & Hurricanes
Connecticut has been hit by several major hurricanes. The 1938 "Long Island Express" (Category 3) killed 600+ people in New England. More recently, Hurricane Sandy (2012) caused massive coastal flooding. Hurricane season runs June 1 – November 30.
Supercell Thunderstorms
The most powerful and dangerous type of thunderstorm — the parent of the most violent tornadoes.
Rotating Mesocyclone
The defining feature of a supercell
A supercell is a long-lived thunderstorm with a deep, persistently rotating updraft called a mesocyclone. Unlike ordinary storms, supercells are self-sustaining — the rotation separates the updraft from the downdraft, allowing them to last for hours and travel hundreds of miles. They are responsible for nearly all significant tornadoes and most large hail events.
⚠️ Safety: If a tornado watch is issued and you see a rotating wall cloud, take shelter immediately in an interior room on the lowest floor.
🌩️ Supercell vs. Regular Thunderstorm
Only about 20% of supercells produce tornadoes, but all supercells are dangerous. The key visual clue is a lowering rotating base (wall cloud) beneath the main storm. A green or teal sky often indicates large hail is present inside the storm.
Hail
Frozen balls of ice that form inside powerful thunderstorms — and can grow to the size of a grapefruit.
Hail forms when updrafts inside a thunderstorm carry raindrops up into freezing temperatures. The droplets freeze, then get coated with more water as they cycle up and down inside the storm. The stronger the updraft, the larger the hail can grow. Hailstones have been recorded as large as 7 inches in diameter.
Size vs. Danger
🧊 CT Hail Facts
Connecticut sees hail most often in spring and early summer. Golf ball-sized hail (1¾") is enough to dent cars and break windows. If hail is forecast, move vehicles under cover and stay away from windows.
Floods & Flash Floods
The deadliest weather hazard in the United States — and one of the most common in Connecticut.
Turn Around, Don't Drown
More than half of all flood fatalities occur in vehicles. Never drive through flooded roads — just 12 inches of water can float a car.
Floods occur when water overflows onto normally dry land. Flash floods are the most dangerous type — they develop rapidly (within 6 hours) after heavy rain, dam failures, or ice jams. Connecticut's hilly terrain and narrow river valleys make flash flooding especially dangerous after intense thunderstorms or prolonged rain events.
Flood Watch
Flooding is possible. Monitor conditions and be ready to act.
Flood Warning
Flooding is occurring or imminent. Take action immediately.
Flash Flood Emergency
Catastrophic flash flooding. This is a life-threatening situation.
Microbursts
A sudden, violent downdraft from a thunderstorm that can produce winds exceeding 100 mph.
A microburst is a concentrated downdraft of air that hits the ground and spreads outward in all directions. They can occur with or without heavy rain — dry microbursts are especially deceptive because there's little warning. The damage pattern is distinctive: trees and structures blown outward from a central point, unlike the swirling pattern of a tornado.
✈️ Aviation hazard: Microbursts are responsible for dozens of aircraft accidents. Pilots are trained to recognize and avoid them during approach and departure.
Earthquakes
Sudden ground shaking caused by the release of energy along fault lines — even Connecticut isn't immune.
Earthquakes occur when stress built up along fault lines is suddenly released, sending seismic waves through the earth. While Connecticut is not in a major seismic zone like California, the region has ancient fault systems and experiences minor earthquakes regularly. The East Haddam area is historically the most seismically active part of the state.
Drop. Cover. Hold On.
- Drop to your hands and knees
- Take cover under a sturdy desk or table
- Hold on until shaking stops
- Stay away from windows and exterior walls
Tsunamis
Massive ocean waves triggered by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or underwater landslides.
Nature's Most Powerful Wave
A tsunami is not a single wave — it's a series of waves that can arrive for hours after the initial event.
Tsunamis are generated when a large volume of water is suddenly displaced — most commonly by a submarine earthquake. In the open ocean they may only be a foot tall, but as they approach shallow coastal water they slow down and pile up, sometimes reaching catastrophic heights. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and 2011 Japan tsunami are the most devastating in modern history.
Natural warning signs
Strong earthquake near coast, ocean receding rapidly, loud roaring sound from the ocean.
Move immediately
Go inland or to high ground. Do not wait for an official warning — you may have only minutes.
Stay away
Do not return to the coast until officials declare it safe. Later waves are often larger than the first.
Squalls & Squall Lines
Sudden bursts of violent wind and rain that can appear with little warning — dangerous on land and water.
Squall Line Approaching
A wall of storms moving in unison
A squall is a sudden, sharp increase in wind speed accompanied by rain or snow. Squall lines are organized bands of thunderstorms that can stretch hundreds of miles and move rapidly. They often precede cold fronts and can produce damaging straight-line winds, brief tornadoes, and heavy downpours. On Long Island Sound and CT's coast, squalls are especially hazardous for boaters.
⛵ Boater safety: Check marine forecasts before heading out. If you see a dark shelf cloud on the horizon, head to shore immediately — squalls can arrive in minutes.
🌬️ Squall vs. Gust vs. Wind Advisory
A gust is a brief spike in wind speed. A squall is a sustained burst lasting at least a minute. A Wind Advisory is issued when sustained winds reach 31–39 mph or gusts hit 46–57 mph. A High Wind Warning means sustained winds of 40+ mph or gusts of 58+ mph — dangerous for driving and outdoor activities.
Wildfires
Weather-driven fires that can spread with terrifying speed — and whose smoke affects Connecticut even from thousands of miles away.
Fire Weather Conditions
Low humidity, strong winds, and dry vegetation create the perfect conditions for a wildfire to explode in size within minutes.
Wildfires are uncontrolled fires that burn through forests, grasslands, and brush. They are driven by three factors: fuel (dry vegetation), oxygen (wind), and heat (drought, lightning, or human ignition). While Connecticut is not a high-risk wildfire state like California, drought years and spring dry spells create real brush fire danger — and smoke from western US megafires regularly blankets the Northeast, degrading air quality for days.
Air Quality Index (AQI) — Wildfire Smoke
🏠 When smoke arrives: Close windows and doors, run AC on recirculate, and check the live AQI on the Town Forecasts page.
Connecticut Weather History
The storms that shaped the state — a look back at the most significant severe weather events in Connecticut's recorded history.
Connecticut
A State Shaped by Storms
From the Great Hurricane of 1938 to Superstorm Sandy, Connecticut has weathered some of the most powerful storms in American history.
1938
The Great New England Hurricane
HurricaneOne of the most powerful storms ever to strike New England. The Category 3 hurricane made landfall on Long Island and tore through Connecticut with little warning, as forecasters had not predicted a direct hit. Storm surge inundated coastal communities from Greenwich to Stonington. Winds exceeded 120 mph in some areas, and the Farmington and Connecticut rivers flooded far inland. The storm reshaped the Connecticut coastline and remains a benchmark for hurricane preparedness in the region.
1955
Hurricanes Connie & Diane — The Great Flood
FloodingBack-to-back hurricanes saturated the ground, and when the remnants of Hurricane Diane stalled over the region, catastrophic flooding struck the Naugatuck and Mad River valleys. Putnam, Winsted, and Stroudsburg saw walls of water surge through downtown streets. The flooding was among the deadliest weather events in Connecticut history, and the disaster led directly to major flood-control infrastructure projects across the state.
1978
Blizzard of 1978
BlizzardA powerful nor'easter paralyzed southern New England for days. Hartford recorded 21 inches of snow while coastal areas saw even higher totals. Sustained winds of 40–50 mph created near-zero visibility and drifts exceeding 6 feet. Governor Ella Grasso ordered a driving ban — one of the first in state history — stranding thousands of motorists on highways. The storm set the standard by which all future CT blizzards are measured.
1989
Tornado Outbreak — July 10
TornadoesA rare multi-tornado outbreak struck Connecticut on a hot, humid summer afternoon. The most significant tornado tracked through Hamden and North Haven, reaching F4 intensity — one of the strongest ever recorded in New England. The storm carved a path of destruction through residential neighborhoods, toppling trees and damaging hundreds of structures. It remains one of the most studied tornado events in Connecticut meteorological history.
2011
Hurricane Irene
HurricaneIrene made landfall as a tropical storm but delivered hurricane-force gusts and historic rainfall to Connecticut. The Farmington, Housatonic, and Connecticut rivers all crested well above flood stage. Inland communities that rarely flood — including Simsbury, Avon, and Woodstock — saw significant inundation. Power outages affected hundreds of thousands of residents for days, and the storm exposed vulnerabilities in the state's aging infrastructure.
2011
October Nor'easter ("Snowtober")
SnowstormAn early-season nor'easter on October 29–30 dropped heavy, wet snow on trees still in full leaf — a rare and devastating combination. The weight of snow snapped thousands of trees across the state, triggering the largest non-hurricane power outage in Connecticut history. Some communities went without electricity for nearly two weeks. The storm prompted a major overhaul of utility infrastructure and emergency response protocols.
2012
Superstorm Sandy
HurricaneSandy made landfall in New Jersey but its massive wind field — stretching over 900 miles — battered Connecticut with tropical-storm-force winds and a historic storm surge. Coastal communities from Greenwich to New London experienced significant flooding, with some areas seeing surge levels not recorded since the 1938 hurricane. The storm caused extensive damage to the shoreline and prompted a long-term reassessment of coastal resilience across the state.
2022
December Nor'easter
BlizzardA powerful nor'easter struck Connecticut just before Christmas, bringing blizzard conditions to much of the state. Wind gusts exceeded 60 mph along the coast, and snowfall totals ranged from 12 to 24 inches. The storm disrupted holiday travel and left tens of thousands without power. It served as a reminder that major winter storms remain a consistent threat to Connecticut well into the modern era.
📡 Prepared, Not Scared
Connecticut's weather history is a reminder that severe events are not rare — they are a recurring part of life in New England. Understanding past storms helps communities prepare smarter, respond faster, and recover stronger. Stay informed with the Alerts and Storm Tracker pages.
Storm Preparedness
Practical steps, supply checklists, and drill recommendations for every major weather threat Connecticut faces.
Preparedness is not about fear — it's about confidence. Knowing your plan before a storm arrives means you can act quickly and calmly when it matters most. Review the sections below for your household, workplace, or school. The best time to prepare is always before the forecast changes.
The Go-Bag: Your Universal Starting Point
Keep one ready for any emergency — grab it and go in under two minutes
Water
1 gallon per person per day, minimum 3 days
Food
Non-perishable items for at least 3 days
Medications
7-day supply + copies of prescriptions
Documents
ID, insurance cards, bank info in waterproof bag
Cash
Small bills — ATMs and card readers may be down
Phone charger
Portable power bank, fully charged
First aid kit
Bandages, antiseptic, pain reliever, gloves
Weather radio
Battery or hand-crank; NOAA all-hazards band
📲 Stay Connected During Any Storm
Monitor the Alerts page for live NWS warnings, the Storm Tracker for real-time radar, and the Town Forecasts for local conditions. Sign up for CT-ALERT at ct.gov for official emergency notifications.
More Weather Phenomena
Lightning, blizzards, UV radiation, and other dramatic weather events explained.
Lightning is a massive electrical discharge between clouds or between a cloud and the ground. The rapid heating of air creates the shockwave we hear as thunder. The 30/30 rule: if thunder follows lightning in under 30 seconds, seek shelter immediately.
🏠 When thunder roars, go indoors! Stay inside for 30 minutes after the last thunder clap.
A blizzard is not just heavy snow — it requires strong winds that reduce visibility to near zero. Connecticut is no stranger to nor'easters that bring blizzard conditions, especially from December through March.
🚗 Never drive in a blizzard. Stay home, stay warm, and keep an emergency kit with food, water, and blankets.
UV Index
How strong is the sun's ultraviolet radiation today?
The UV Index measures how intense the sun's ultraviolet radiation is at ground level. It runs from 0 (no risk) to 11+ (extreme risk). UV rays can cause sunburn in as little as 10 minutes at high levels — even on cloudy days, up to 80% of UV passes through clouds.
No protection needed. Enjoy the outdoors!
Wear sunscreen SPF 30+. Seek shade near midday.
Sunscreen required. Hat and sunglasses recommended.
Extra protection essential. Minimize midday sun.
Avoid sun 10am–4pm. Full protection needed.
☁️ CT tip: Connecticut summers regularly hit UV 8–10 between 10am and 2pm. Even in spring and fall, midday UV can reach 6–7. Check the live UV index on the homepage or town forecasts.
FEELING ANXIOUS DURING EXTREME WEATHER?
Ways to feel calm, safe, and brave — for kids and families
Keep Exploring
Check the live radar, track active alerts, and see how today's clouds match what you just learned.